homehistorycanacollunitsindex

About Chalcidoidea (Chalcid wasps)

Contact details
Telephone: 613-759-1823
Fax: 613-759-1927

Website: www.canacoll.org\hym\staff\gibson.htm
E-mail: gary.gibson@agr.gc.ca

Introduction

Chalcidoid or chalcid wasps are one of the most diverse groups of Hymenoptera (bees, ants, wasps) numerically, structurally, and biologically. They range in size from the smallest insect known, Dicopomorpha echmepterygis Mockford (1997), at about 130 microns (0.13 mm), to over 30 mm, including bizarre as well as beautiful winged and wingless forms. About 22,000 valid species have been described in about 2,100 genera world-wide, but these numbers represent only a fraction of true chalcid diversity and estimates of 60,000 to 100,000 species world-wide do not seem unreasonable. There are over 2,600 described species in over 700 genera in North America. Illustrated keys to the families and genera of chalcids known from North America are given in Annotated Keys to the Genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) by Gibson et al. (1997). Other important references to the chalcid taxonomic literature, with emphasis on the North American fauna, are given in the sections below.

Online Resources

Literature on chalcid wasps is vast, but there are two vital resources for any serious student of chalcidology, biological control specialist, or anyone else who needs information on the literature, names, distribution or hosts of world chalcids. The Universal Chalcidoidea Database by John Noyes provides an online version of his earlier CD-Rom version of the database (Noyes 2002). Although the CD-Rom and Internet databases are not official publications under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, they are unique and invaluable. They database about 31,000 world chalcid species names as well as over 550,000 entries to some aspect of the taxonomy, biology, morphology and distribution of all valid species. Each data entry is validated by being linked to one or more of over 40,000 original chalcid literature references published from 1758 through 2003. Both the CD and Internet versions also contain over 350 chalcid images of species. The Internet version additionally contains an online illustrated key to the 19 recognized world chalcid families and family information, including diagnostic features, subfamily classification, biological attributes and major references. Another extensive source of online information concerning the systematics and biology of chalcids can be found on the Chalcidoidea subsite of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory web site. The Chalcidoidea section consists of an online version of Grissell and Schauff (1997b) (excluding the pictorial key to families) and PDF documents of all 24 issues of Chalcid Forum, an international newsletter dedicated to promoting communication among chalcid workers. The SEL site also contains information on equipment and methods used to collect, rear and preserve chalcids for study under Collecting Chalcidoidea: Why and How. Because of their small size and often extreme fragility, special techniques are required to preserve specimens for microscopy. A detailed, step by step procedure for mounting minute chalcids on microscope slides is online as part of Collecting and Preserving Chalcidoids. Another site with instructions for preparing slides of chalcids is Encarsia of Australia. Comprehensive information on the morphology of chalcids and the terms used by taxonomists to describe chalcid species is found in Chalcid Wasps: Introduction to Glossary of Positional and Morphological Terms. A final online resource for information about chalcids is Nomina Nearctica, which provides a checklist of valid names of described species of Chalcidoidea and other Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico based on alphabetical lists of families, genera and species.

Within the United States, training in systematics is available at several universities. The Departments of Entomology at Texas A&M University in College Station and at the University of Riverside, California, currently have several students studying chalcids and other groups of parasitic Hymenoptera. Information on the people and programs can be found under the Parasitic Hymenoptera Research Laboratory at Texas A&M and under Research on Chalcidoid Systematics at the University of Riverside. A directory of world chalcidologists is available at http://iris.biosci.ohio-state.edu/newsletters/cmen.html.

Economic Importance and Biological Diversity

Although often very beautiful because of their unusual structures and striking colors or metallic hues, chalcids are very tiny and unobtrusive, not biting or stinging humans, living in their domiciles, or carting off their food. Because of this they remain largely unnoticed. They are unknown to all but the specialist and are under-appreciated for their role in the environment and benefit to man [see LaSalle and Gauld (1992) and LaSalle (1993)]. About 80 chalcid species are known to be pests of agriculture (mostly seed-feeders in the families Eurytomidae and Torymidae) and some chalcids are considered harmful because they are hyperparasitoids, but most are economically and environmentally beneficial. The large majority of chalcid species are primary parasitoids of other insects and arachnids and as such they are important participants in nature's own control system for regulating arthropod populations. In addition to the largely unappreciated role of most species in helping to control what might otherwise be pest species, over 800 chalcid species have been associated with targeted biological control programs. This represents about two-thirds of all biocontrol programs involving Hymenoptera, and about one-third of all biocontrol programs in which partial or complete economic control of an insect pest was achieved (Greathead 1986).

The most comprehensive review of chalcid biology and ecology is by Bendel-Janssen (1977). Grissell and Schauff (1997a) state that the host range of chalcids is thought to exceed that of all other insect groups except for the order Diptera. Members are known to attack hosts in about 340 families of 15 insect orders (Blattaria, Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera, Homoptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Mantodea, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Strepsiptera and Thysanoptera), as well as egg sacs of spiders (Araneae), ticks and gall-forming mites (Acari), cocoons of pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpiones), and gall-forming Anguinidae (Nematoda). In addition, phytophagous chalcids are known from six families. Agaoninae (Agaonidae) are exclusively phytophagous within the ovarioles of figs (Ficus), but are beneficial as the obligate pollinators of figs. Some members of five other families (Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tanaostigmatidae and Torymidae) are seed-feeders or gall-formers on plants, though for many chalcids reared from galls it is not known whether they are primary gall-formers, or inquilines or parasitoids in the galls. John Noyes provides a concise summary of known chalcid biology by family in Chalcid Forum 24. Possibly as a consequence of their host diversity, chalcids demonstrate all but 2 of 15 feeding types that have been defined for insects, including parasitism of all host life stages from egg to adult, as internal or external parasitoids, as primary or hyperparasitoids, and with their eggs laid in, on or away from the host (Grissell and Schauff 1997a). Some chalcids of the family Aphelinidae even parasitize the opposite sex of their own species (Woolley 1997).

Like other Hymenoptera, most chalcids have a haploid-diploid mechanism of sex determination in which fertilized (diploid) eggs normally develop into females and unfertilized (haploid) eggs normally develop into males (arrhentokous development). However, males are unknown or are very rare for some species and in these species females produce females asexually (thelytokous development). This latter condition appears often to be the result of the presence of maternally inherited cytoplasmic microorganisms, bacteria in the genus Wolbachia. Heat or such antibiotics as tetracycline can kill the bacterium and turn a thelytokous strain into an arrhentokous strain (Stouthamer et al. 1990). It has also been shown that reproductive isolation between closely related species is at least sometimes the result of the presence of Wolbachia or of the species possessing different bacterial 'types'. Viable hybrid offspring can be produced if the species are 'cured' of their endosymbiotic bacterium (Breeuwer and Werren 1993, Breeuwer and Werren 1995, Perrotminnot et al. 1996).

Identification

Because of their small size and structural diversity it is difficult to give easily visible and reliable features that differentiate chalcids from all other insects. Those chalcids that are fully winged are like other Hymenoptera in having two sets of membranous wings, with the forewings much larger than the hind wings. More importantly, the forewing does not have any areas (cells) entirely enclosed by veins and there is at most a single vein complex along the leading edge of the wing. This vein usually branches apically [figure] so that the vein complex typically consists of a submarginal, marginal, postmarginal, and stigmal vein. Unfortunately, some other parasitic microhymenoptera, most notably the family Scelionidae (Platygastroidea), have a forewing venation that is very similar to typical chalcids and consequently they are often mistaken for chalcids. Many chalcids are quite easily distinguished by having a distinct metallic colouration, which almost all other microhymenoptera with a similar venation lack. However, many chalcids, particularly apterous and brachypterous ones, are non-metallic and somewhat more arcane features are needed to differentiate these from other microhymenoptera. Most chalcids have the pronotum more or less distinctly separated from the base of the forewing because there is an intervening sclerite, the prepectus, between the pronotum and mesopleuron [SEM]. Although often difficult to see, chalcids also have a unique placement of the mesothoracic spiracle — it is located between the pronotum and the lateral margin of the mesoscutum, often above the anterodorsal angle of the prepectus but at least separate from the anterodorsal margin of the mesopleuron  (mesepisternum) [SEM]. Other microhymenoptera have the spiracle lower down, either between the posterior margin of the pronotum and the anterior margin of the mesopleuron or on the pronotum itself in this same relative position. Furthermore, other microhymenoptera with a forewing venation similar to chalcids have the posterolateral angle of the pronotum extending back to touch the more or less oval sclerite (tegula) that covers the base of the forewing. As a result of this structural difference, most chalcids have the pronotum moveable relative to the mesothorax, whereas the pronotum is rigidly associated with the mesothorax in other microhymenoptera. Finally, almost all chalcids also have ridge-like, longitudinal sensilla on the flagellum of the antenna [SEM].

Superfamily Relationships

Gibson (1986a) proposed that Chalcidoidea, including the family Mymaridae, is monophyletic based on three shared derived features (synapomorphies) that are listed above as distinguishing features: However, Gibson and Huber (2000) subsequently discovered that individuals of the family Rotoitidae have a linear prepectus that normally is concealed under the posterolateral margin of the pronotum. This is the hypothesized groundplan (primitive) structure for Apocrita (Gibson 1999) and would invalidate the first hypothesis if the rotoitid-like structure is the groundplan state for the superfamily and not an autapomorphic (unique) secondary reduction of Rotoitidae alone.

Gibson (1986a) also proposed that Chalcidoidea was the sister group of the family Mymarommatidae based on three other features shared by the two taxa:

Since then most authors have classified mymarommatids separately as their own superfamily, the Mymarommatoidea.

Quicke et al. (1994) also provided evidence that chalcids other than Mymaridae (and Mymarommatidae) have a structure of the female ovipositor that differs from all other Hymenoptera — the fused second valvulae have asymmetrical dorsolateral portions that overlap medially to a greater or lesser extent [SEM]. Furthermore, they have a transversely striated band of notal membrane, the laminated bridge near the base of the second valvulae. Quicke et al. proposed that both the unique structure of the second valvulae and the laminated bridge were synapomorphies uniting all chalcids except mymarids. This would support an hypothesis that Mymaridae is the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea. Gibson and Huber (2000) subsequently showed that females of at least one of two known genera of Rotoitidae have an ovipositor structure that is intermediate between the mymarid-like and other chalcid-like structures. The rotoitid ovipositor has about the basal half of the second valvulae structured like mymarids and most other Hymenoptera, but the apical half with asymmetrical overlapping portions similar to other chalcids. This intermediate structure could be evidence that Rotoitidae is the second-most basal lineage of Chalcidoidea after Mymaridae.

Heraty et al. (1997) also showed that Chalcidoidea, excluding Mymarommatidae, have a unique structure of another mesothoracic muscle, the furcal-laterophragmal muscle. Unlike other Hymenoptera, chalcids have this muscle attached along the entire length of the laterophragmal apodeme and this is additional evidence for excluding Mymarommatidae from Chalcidoidea. Heraty et al. further showed that structure of the furcal-laterophragmal muscle was somewhat different in mymarids than in other chalcids. Different hypotheses for evolution of the particular mymarid structure are possible, but the structure could be interpreted as an intermediate condition in a single transformation series between that of the plesiomorphic condition possessed by mymarommatids and the most apomorphic condition possessed by most other chalcids. If so, this is additional evidence that Mymaridae is the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea.

Finally, Basibuyuk and Quicke (1995) found features of the antennal cleaning organ of the front leg that might be unique for chalcids. They stated that most chalcids have a protibial comb [SEM] and that mymarids have "an indication of this structure". Only ichneumonoids were said to have somewhat similar setae of unknown function. Basibuyuk and Quicke also stated that the setae of the basitarsal comb [SEM] are uniquely structured in Chalcidoidea. The setae were said to be "distinctly flattened" in chalcids and cylindrical in the rest of the Hymenoptera, though the state in mymarommatids was not stated explicitly. These features need to be examined more comprehensively throughout chalcids to determine whether different states might indicate phylogenetic relationships within the superfamily.

Though recent studies appear to support hypotheses that Mymarommatidae is the sister group of the Chalcidoidea, relationships between Mymarommatidae + Chalcidoidea and other apocritan Hymenoptera are more controversial. Rasnitsyn (1988) proposed that Chalcidoidea is the sister group of the Platygastroidea (Platygastridae + Scelionidae). Ronquist et al. (1999) reanalysed Rasnitsyn's 1988 data using cladistic parsimony analysis and, perhaps not surprisingly, retrieved a (Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatidae) + (Platygastridae + Scelionidae) sister-group relationship from most analyses. Much more unexpected was that Ceraphronoidea was also indicated to be closely related to Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatidae, either as the sister group of the clade (Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatidae) + (Platygastridae + Scelionidae) or as the sister group of Platygastridae + Scelionidae. They suggested that these indicated relationships might reflect parallel reductions correlated with small body size, particularly in the large number of wing venational characters used in the analysis.

Comparatively recently within systematics, molecular evidence has been used to supplement more traditional morphological studies for analysing phylogenetic relationships. A Chalcidoidea + Platygastroidea sister-group relationship was supported through analysis of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene by Dowton et al. (1997), and this was also a commonly retrieved relationship in the much more comprehensive study of Dowton and Austin (2001). They analysed three gene regions for many more apocritan taxa, plus morphology based primarily on Ronquist et al. (1999). Maximum parsimony analysis of just the molecular data with all character transformations weighted equally indicated Chalcidoidea as the sister group of Monomachidae + (Diapriidae + Maamingidae), with this group part of an unresolved trichotomy comprised of Proctotrupidae + Vanhorniidae and Cynipoidea + Platygastroidea. Simultaneous analysis of the molecular and unordered morphological data resulted in a Cynipoidea + Chalcidoidea sister-group relationship, which formed an unresolved polychotomy with most other apocritan groups. However, almost all other analyses of the molecular evidence alone or simultaneous analysis of the molecular evidence and morphology retrieved a Chalcidoidea + Platygastroidea sister-group relationship, which inevitably comprised the terminal clade within Apocrita. Relationships of this clade with other apocritans varied considerably within the different analyses and Dowton and Austin (2001) should be examined for specifics. Based simply on morphology, Gibson (1999) proposed that Platygastroidea forms a monophyletic group with Pelecinidae + Proctotrupidae + Vanhorniidae, and that Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatoidea likely represent a relatively basal clade with uncertain relationships in Apocrita.

Family Relationships

If anything, higher level relationships within Chalcidoidea are even less well resolved than are relationships of Chalcidoidea with other Hymenoptera. A comprehensive historical review of chalcid higher classification was given by Boucek (1988b). Historically, family classification has been based primarily on external morphology rather than phylogenetic relationships. Because of this, and because of the extreme structural diversity that characterizes the group, there have been a comparatively large number of families recognized within the superfamily as well as instability in the number of families recognized. Anywhere from 9 to 24 families have been recognized since about 1950, with 19 or 20 families generally being recognized at present. However, monophyly of many if not most of the families is in doubt. Chalcid families often seem to intergrade into each other, with 'family level' features sometimes working for only one sex, not being possessed by all members of the family, or being possessed by some members of other families. Consequently, at least some families appear to be more taxa of convenience than monophyletic evolutionary lineages. As one might suspect, the classification of some subfamilies to one family or another is controversial and there is even uncertainty about the proper family classification of some genera.

Although still at what might be called an embryonic stage, molecular analyses have now started to provide independent evidence to test and refine family concepts that are widely acknowledged to be less than satisfactory. Rasplus et al. (1998) concluded from analysis of the D1 and D2 regions of the 28S rRNA gene that Agaonidae sensu Boucek (1988a) is not monophyletic. They redefined the family to include only the pollinating Agaoninae sensu Boucek (1988a), reassigning some subfamilies to the Pteromalidae and excluding other subfamilies that they left unassigned to family. More recently, Gauthier et al. (2000) analysed the D2 region of the 28S rDNA gene and concluded that the family Elasmidae deserved only tribal status within the subfamily Eulophinae of Eulophidae. As for the previous study, they also excluded some taxa from Eulophidae and left them unassigned to family. Campbell et al. (2000) provided the first comprehensive analysis of chalcid subfamily and family relationships based on analysis of the D2 region of 28S rDNA. They included 85 taxa, representing 18 families and 32 subfamilies, and concluded that their analysis placed 80% of the taxa (including outgroup taxa) "into some form of realistic grouping (generic or family group taxon) based on morphological evidence". Of 12 families with more than one taxon represented, only three were indicated as monophyletic (Eucharitidae, Mymaridae and Trichogrammatidae), though Eulophidae was monophyletic with the inclusion of Elasmus (= Elasmidae). More unrealistic or intriguing results included none of the three genera of Eunotinae (Pteromalidae) grouping together, and neither Eupelminae nor Calosotine (Eupelmidae) being indicated as monophyletic or showing any affinities with Cleonyminae, Tanaostigmatidae or Encyrtidae. Interestingly, their analysis indicated Mymaridae as the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea, whereas most analyses of Dowton and Austin (2001) retrieved Mymaridae as an apical clade within Chalcidoidea. Resolving the relationships of Mymaridae with other Chalcidoidea is critical for establishing the ancestral life history of the group. Traditionally, chalcids have been considered as most likely evolving from some ectoparasitoid of wood-boring beetles. If Mymarommatoidea is the sister group of Chalcidoidea and if Mymaridae is truly the sister group of all other Chalcidoidea then parsimony would indicate the immediate ancestor was an endoparasitic egg parasitoid Dowton and Austin (2001).

There is no doubt that molecular analysis of chalcid relationships is an exciting new frontier that holds promising rewards for our understanding of the evolution of the group. However, such analyses seem likely to add to the instability of chalcid classification, at least in the short term, and by themselves seem unlikely to provide a fully resolved pattern of chalcid relationships. In order to fully resolve the evolutionary history of the Chalcidoidea it will also be necessary to develop a comprehensive, accurate, morphological-based character matrix for the superfamily. This is an extremely complex and daunting task considering the enormous diversity of the group, but must be done in order to advance chalcid classification beyond the level of personal preference. Although no cladistic hypotheses of family relationships based on analysis of morphology have considered the Chalcidoidea in its entirety, Noyes (1990) presented a tree diagram illustrating one set of potential chalcid family relationships (see reproduction in "A word on chalcidoid classification" or dendrogram 1 in Heraty et al. 1997). Gibson et al. (1999) reviewed current concepts of chalcid phylogenetics and classification, and this paper should be consulted for a comprehensive list of relevant publications. However, some of the more major molecular or morphological analyses that have investigated monophyly and relationships of chalcid families or subfamilies through explicit character state analysis are listed below. References are given under the primary family or families investigated though the papers often include discussion of other families.

Agaonidae
Rasplus et al. (1998)
Aphelinidae
Shaffee and Rizvi (1990), Heraty et al. (1997), LaSalle et al. (1997)
Chalcididae and/or Leucospidae
Delavare 1988, Wijesekara 1997, Delvare 1999
Encyrtidae, Eupelmidae, and/or Tanaostigmatidae
LaSalle and Noyes (1985), Gibson (1986b), LaSalle (1987), Gibson (1989), Gibson (1995)
Eucharitidae and/or Perilampidae
Heraty and Darling (1984), Darling (1988), Heraty (1989), Darling and Miller (1990), Darling (1992), Heraty (1994), Heraty (2000), Heraty (2002)
Eulophidae and Elasmidae
Gauthier et al. (2000), Gumovsky (2002)
Mymaridae
Schauff (1984), Gibson (1986a)
Pteromalidae
Dzhanokmen (2000), Torok and Abraham (2002), Gibson (2003)
Signiphoridae
Woolley (1988)
Torymidae
Grissell (1995)

Recognized Families and Major Taxonomic Resources

Listed below in alphabetical order are the 19 families of Chalcidoidea that are generally accepted. Five of the family names are linked to other Internet pages developed by specialists that provide some type of information on the respective families. The relatively few references listed as resources are not intended to be exhaustive. Individuals interested in the North American fauna should refer to the references listed under each family in Gibson et al. (1997). Individuals interested in fauna from other regions should also check references included in works listed under Regional Keys to Families. The references listed below are primarily family-level studies or faunal studies from regions other than North America, but only English language publications.
Agaonidae
Ramirez (1970), Ramirez (1974), Wiebes (1982)
Aphelinidae
Yasnosh (1976), Hayat and Verma (1980), Hayat (1983), Yasnosh (1983), Hayat (1994), Hayat (1998)
Chalcididae
Narendran (1989), Delvare and Boucek (1992), Wijesekara (1997)
Encyrtidae
Tachikawa (1963), Trjapitzin (1973a), Trjapitzin (1973b), Trjapitzin and Gordh (1978a), Trjapitzin and Gordh (1978b), Prinsloo and Annecke (1979), Noyes (1980), Tachikawa (1981), Noyes and Hayat (1984), Noyes (1988), Dahms and Gordh (1997), Noyes (2000)
Eucharitidae
Heraty (1985), Heraty (1994), Heraty (2002)
Eulophidae (including Elasmidae)
Burks (1965), Graham (1987), Graham (1991), Hansson (2002)
Eupelmidae
Gibson (1989), Gibson (1995)
Eurytomidae
Burks (1971), Stage and Snelling (1986), Zerova (1988), Narendran (1994)
Leucospidae
Boucek (1974)
Mymaridae
Annecke and Doutt (1961), Subba Rao and Hayat (1983), Schauff (1984), Huber (1986), Viggiani (1988), Noyes and Valentine (1989a), Yoshimoto (1990)
Ormyridae
Boucek (1986), Hanson (1992), Narendran (1999)
Perilampidae
Boucek (1978), Darling 1996
Pteromalidae
Graham (1969), Boucek and Rasplus (1991), Gibson (2003), Sureshan (2003)
Rotoitidae
Boucek and Noyes (1987), Gibson and Huber (2000)
Signiphoridae
Woolley (1986), Woolley (1988)
Tanaostigmatidae
LaSalle (1987)
Tetracampidae
Boucek and Askew (1968), Sugonjaev (1971)
Torymidae
Narendran (1994), Grissell (1995), Grissell (1999)
Trichogrammatidae
Doutt and Viggiani (1968), Yousuf and Shafee (1986a), Yousuf and Shafee (1986b), Yousuf and Shafee (1987), Pinto (1998), Viggiani (2002)

Regional Keys to Families

It is extremely difficult to briefly characterize or present a key to chalcid families on a world basis, particularly with current uncertainty and controversy over membership of some families. Gibson (1993) provided a world key that attempted to include exceptional forms, but because of this the key is quite complicated and it is recommended that individuals normally try to identify families using relevant regional keys. An online key to the families of Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea is given by Noyes (2003). For North America, an excellent pictorial key to families and common subfamilies was given by Grissell and Schauff (1997b); a more traditional dichotomous key was also given by Grissell and Schauff (1997a). The following publications that include keys to chalcid families are listed in alphabetical order by area covered; those with an asterisk also include keys to genera.

Australasian region — * Boucek (1988a) (plus keys to genera of 14 of 21 families)
Australia — Riek (1970); Naumann (1991)
Britain — Gauld and Bolton (1988)
Canada — Yoshimoto (1984)
Costa Rica — * Hanson and LaSalle (1995)
Cuba — * Alayo and Hernandez (1978)
Ethiopian region — Prinsloo (1980)
Europe — * Peck, Boucek, and Hoffer (1964); Graham (1969) (plus key to genera of Pteromalidae)
European USSR — * Nikolskaya (1952); * Medvedev (1978)
Nearctic region — Grissell and Schauff (1997a) in * Gibson et al. (1997); Grissell and Schauff (1997b)
New Zealand — * Noyes and Valentine (1989b) (plus keys to genera of 12 of 16 families)
Oriental region — * Subba Rao and Hayat (1985)
Tropical Africa and America — Delvare and Aberlenc (1989)
World — Gibson (1993); Noyes (2003)

Catalogs

Catalogs are one of the most important resources for taxonomists and biologists alike because they are the means by which all information published on species from 1758 to the present is or can be organized. Catalogs list the described taxa known from a particular region, provide the currently accepted valid name of the taxon, list the synonyms of those valid names, and usually provide additional information and/or references to information on the distribution and biology of the taxa. The CD-Rom catalog of Noyes (2002) and the online catalog of Noyes (2003) basically supersede previously published printed catalogs. However, listed below are some of the more recent published catalogs for Chalcidoidea; catalogs for individual families or genera are not listed.

Canada and United States — Peck (1963), Gordh et al. (1979)
Central and South America — De Santis (1967), De Santis (1979), De Santis (1980), De Santis (1983), De Santis (1989), De Santis and Fidalgo (1994)
Cuba — Alayo (1970)
India — Subba Rao and Hayat (1986)
Philippines — Baltazar (1966)
Sweden — Hedqvist (2003)

References

Alayo D. Pastor. 1970.
Catalogo del los Himenopteros de Cuba. Editorial Pueblo y Educacion. 218 pp.
Alayo D. Pastor and L.R. Hernandez. 1978.
Introduccion al estudio de los himenopteros de Cuba: Superfamilia Chalcidoidea. Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana. 105 pp.
Annecke, D.P. and R.L. Doutt. 1961.
The genera of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Republic of South Africa, Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Entomology Memoirs 5. 71 pp.
Baltazar, C.R. 1966.
A catalogue of Philippine Hymenoptera (with a bibliography, 1758-1963). Pacific Insects Monograph: 8: 1-488.
Basibuyuk, H.H. and D.L.J. Quicke. 1995.
Morphology of the antenna cleaner in the Hymenoptera with particular reference to non-aculeate families (Insecta). Zoologica Scripta 24: 157-177.
Bendel-Janssen, M. 1977.
Zur Biologie Okologie und Ethlogie der Chalcidoidea. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtshaft: 176: 1-163.
Boucek, Z. 1974.
A revision of the Leucospidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of the world. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), Supplement23. 241 pp.
Boucek, Z. 1978.
A generic key to Perilampinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with a revision of Krombeinius n.gen. and Euperilampus Walker. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76: 393-407.
Boucek, Z. 1986.
Taxonomic studies of chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera) associated with gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on mango trees. Entomologica Scandinavica9: 299-307.
Boucek, Z. 1988a.
Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C.A.B. International, Wallingford, England. 832 pp.
Boucek, Z. 1988b.
An overview of the higher classification of the Chalcidoidea (Parasitic Hymenoptera). Pages 11-23 in Gupta, V.K. (ed.). Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research. E.J. Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands. 546 pp.
Boucek, Z. and R.R. Askew. 1968.
Index of world Tetracampidae(Hym. Chalcidoidea). Index of Entomomophagous Insects. Delucchi, V. and G. Remaudiere (eds). Le Francois, Paris, France. 254 pp.
Boucek, Z. and J.S. Noyes. 1987.
Rotoitidae, a curious new family of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from New Zealand. Systematic Entomology 12: 407-412.
Boucek, Z. and J.-Y. Rasplus. 1991.
Illustrated key to west-Palearctic genera of Pteromalidae: Hymenoptera-Chalcidoidea. INRA, Versailles, France. 144 pp.
Breeuwer, J.A. and J.H. Werren. 1993.
Cytoplasmic incompatibility and bacterial density in Nasonia vitripennis. Genetics135: 565-5747.
Breeuwer, J.A. and J.H. Werren. 1995.
Hybrid breakdown between two haplodiploid species: the role of nuclear and cytoplasmic genes. Evolution 49: 705-717.
Burks, B.D. 1965.
The North American species of Elasmus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 78: 201-207.
Burks, B.D. 1971.
A synopsis of the genera of the family Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Transactions of the American Entomological Society 97: 1-89.
Campbell, B., J. Heraty, J.-Y. Rasplus, K. Chan, J. Steffen-Campbell, and C. Babcock. 2000.
Molecular systematics of the Chalcidoidea, using 28S-D2 rDNA. Pages 59-73 in Austin, A.D. and M. Dowton (eds). Hymenoptera - Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Australia. 468 pp.
Dahms, E. and G. Gordh 1997.
A review of the genera of Australian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) descrubed from Australia by A.A. Girault with a checklist of included species. Memoirs on Entomology International 9. 518 pp.
Darling, D.C. 1988.
Comparative morphology of the labrum in Hymenoptera: the digitate labrum of Perilampidae and Eucharitidae (Chalcidoidea). Canadian Journal of Zoology 66: 2811-2835.
Darling, D.C. 1992.
The life history and larval morphology of Aperilampus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Philomidinae), with a discussion of the phylogenetic affinities of the Philomidinae. Systematic Entomology 17: 331-339.
Darling, D.C. 1996.
Generic concepts in the Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): An assessment of recently proposed genera. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 5: 100-130.
Darling, D.C. and T.D. Miller. 1990.
Life history and larval morphology of Chrysolampus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Chrysolampinae) in western North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69: 2168-2177.
Delvare, G. 1988.
 Some important morphological features of the Chalcidini (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) and their implications in the classification of the tribe. Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research 1988: 25-64.
Delvare, G. 1999.
Structure de l'abdomen chez les podagrionini. Implications pour la phylogenie de la tribu relations avec les contraintes d'acces a l'hote (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 35(suppl.): 23-26.
Delvare, G. and H.-P. Aberlenc. 1989.
Les insectes d'Afrique et d'Amérique tropicale. Clés pour la reconnaissance des familles. PRIFAS, CIRAD-GERDAT, Montpellier, France. 302 pp.
Delvare, G. and Z. Boucek. 1992.
On the New World Chalcididae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 53. 466 pp.
De Santis, L. 1967.
Catalogo de los Himenopteros Argentinos de la Serie Parasitica, Incluyendo Bethyloidea. Provincia de Buenos Aires Gobernacion, Comision de Investigacion Cientifica, La Plata. 337 pp.
De Santis, L. 1979.
Catalogo de los Himenopteros Chalcidoideos de America al sur de los Estados Unidos. Comision de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Publicacion Especial, La Plata. 488 pp.
De Santis, L. 1980.
Catalogo de los Himenopteros Brasilenos de la Serie Parasitica Incluyendo Bethyloidea. Editora da Universidade Federal do Parana, Curitiba. 395 pp.
De Santis, L. 1983 (1981).
Catalogo de los Himenopteros Chalcidoideos de America al sur de los Estados Unidos. Primer suplemento. Revista Peruana de Entomologia 24: 1-38.
De Santis, L. 1989.
Catalogo de los Himenopteros Chalcidoideos (Hymenoptera) al sur de los Estados Unidos. Segundo suplemento. Acta Entomologica Chilena 15: 9-90.
De Santis, L. and P. Fidalgo. 1994.
Catalogo de Himenopteros Calcidoideos. Serie de la Academia nacional de Agronomia y Veterinaria 13. 154 pp.
Doutt, R.L. and G. Viggiani. 1968.
The classification of the Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences 35: 477-586.
Dowton, M., and A.D. Austin. 2001.
Simultaneous analysis of 16S, 28S, COI and morphology in the Hymenoptera: Apocrita - evolutionary transitions among parasitic wasps. Biological Journal of the Linnaean Society 74: 87-111.
Dowton, M., A.D. Austin, N. Dillon, and E. Bartowsky. 1997.
Molecular phylogeny of the apocritan wasps: the Protrotrupomorpha and Evaniomorpha. Systematic Entomology 22: 245-255.
Dzhanokmen, K.A. 2000.
Phylogenetic relations in Palaearctic subfamilies of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79: 564-571 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 80: 232-240.]
Gauld, I. and B. Bolton (eds). 1988.
The Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. xi + 332 pp.
Gautheir, N., J. LaSalle, D.L.J. Quicke, and H.C.J. Godfray. 2000.
Phylogeny of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with a reclassification of Eulophinae and the recognition that Elasmids are derived eulophids. Systematic Entomology 25: 521-539.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1986a.
Evidence for monophyly and relationships of Chalcidoidea, Mymaridae, and Mymarommatidae (Hymenoptera: Terebrantes). Canadian Entomologist118: 205-240. 
Gibson, G.A.P. 1986b.
Mesothoracic skeleomusculature and mechanics of flight and jumping in Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Canadian Entomologist 118: 691-728. 
Gibson, G.A.P. 1989.
Phylogeny and classification of Eupelmidae, with a revision of the world genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 149. 121 pp.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1993.
Superfamilies Mymarommatoidea and Chalcidoidea. Pages 570-655 in Goulet, H. and J.T. Huber (eds). Hymenoptera of the world: An identification guide to families. Canada Communications Group, Ottawa, Canada. 668 pp.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1995.
Parasitic wasps of the subfamily Eupelminae: Classification and revision of the world genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae). Memoirs on Entomology International 5. 421 pp.
Gibson, G.A.P. 1999.
Sister-group relationships of the Platygastroidea and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) - an alternate hypothesis to Rasnitsyn (1988). Zoologica Scripta28: 125-138. 
Gibson, G.A.P. 2003.
Phylogenetics and classification of Cleonyminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae). Memoirs on Entomology, International 16: 339 pp.
Gibson, G.A.P., J.M. Heraty, and J.B. Woolley. 1999.
Phylogenetics and classification of Chalcidoidea and Mymarommatoidea - a review of current concepts (Hymenoptera, Apocrita). Zoologica Scripta28: 87-124. 
Gibson, G.A.P., J.T. Huber, and J.B. Woolley (eds). 1997.
Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 794 pp.
Gibson, G.A.P. and J.T. Huber (2000).
Review of the family Rotoitidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with description of a new genus and species from Chile. Journal of Natural History. 34: 2293-2314.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1969.
The Pteromalidae of northwestern Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology, Supplement No. 16. 908 pp.
Gordh, G., E.E. Grissell, and B.D. Burks. 1979.
Superfamily Chalcidoidea. Pages 743-1043 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks (eds), Catalog of Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. i-xvi + 1198 pp.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1987.
A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), with a revision of certain genera. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series 55. 392 pp.
Graham, M.W.R. de V. 1991.
A reclassification of the European Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): revision of the remaining genera. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 49. 322 pp.
Greathead, D.J. 1986.
Parasitoids in classical biological control. Pages 289-318 in Waage, J. and D. Greathead (eds). Insect Parasitoids. Academic Press, London. 389 pp.
Grissell, E.E. 1995.
Toryminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae) a redefinition, generic classification, and annotated world catalog of species. Memoirs of Entomology, Entomology 2. 470 pp.
Grissell, E.E. 1999.
An annotated catalog of world Megastigminae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Torymidae). Contributions of the American Entomological Society31(4) 1-92.
Grissell, E.E. and M.E. Schauff. 1997a.
Chapter 3. Chalcidoidea. Pages 45-116 in Gibson, G.A.P., J.T. Huber, and J.B. Woolley (eds). Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 794 pp.
Grissell, E.E. and M.E. Schauff. 1997b.
A handbook of the families of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): Second Edition, Revised. Entomological Society of Washington, Washington, D.C. 87 pp.
Gumovsky, A. 2002.
Monophyly and preliminary phylogeny of Entedoninae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae): 28S D2 rDNA considerations and morphological support. Pages 193-219 in Melika, G. and Thuroczy, C. (eds). Parasitic Wasps - Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. International Symposium: "Parasitic Hymenoptera: Taxonomy and Biological Control" (14-17 May 2001, Koszeg, Hungary). Agroinform, Budapest. 480 pp.
Hanson, P. 1992.
The Nearctic species of Ormyrus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Ormyridae). Journal of Natural History 26: 1333-1365.
Hanson, P.W. and J. LaSalle. 1995.
The chalcidoid families. Pages 266-388 in Hanson, P.E. and I.D. Gauld (eds), The Hymenoptera of Costa Rica. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 893 pp.
Hansson, C. 2002.
Eulophidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 67: 290 pp.
Hayat, M. 1973.
The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of the world. Systematic Entomology8: 63-102.
Hayat, M. 1994.
Notes on some genera of the Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with comments on the classification of the family. Oriental Insects 28: 81-96.
Hayat, M. 1998.
Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision. Memoirs on Entomology, International 13: 1-416.
Hayat, M. and M. Verma. 1980.
The aphelinid subfamily Eriaporinae (Hym.: Chalcidoidea). Oriental Insects14: 29-40.
Hedqvist, K.-J. 2003.
Katalog over svenska Chalcidoidea. Entomologisk Tidskrft 124: 73-133.
Heraty, J.M. 1985.
A revision of the Nearctic Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 116: 61-103.
Heraty, J.M. 1989.
Morphology of the mesosoma of Kapala (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) with emphasis on its phylogenetic implications. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 115-125.
Heraty, J.M. 1994.
Classification and evolution of Oraseminae in the Old World, with revisions of two closely related genera of Eucharitinae (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae). Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 157 428 pp.
Heraty, J.M. 2000.
Phylogenetic relationships of the Oraseminae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93: 374-390.
Heraty, J.M. 2002.
Revision of the genera of Eucharitidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 68: 367 pp.
Heraty, J.M. and D.C. Darling. 1984.
Comparative morphology of the planidial larvae of Eucharitidae and Perilampidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 9: 309-328.
Heraty, J.M., J.B. Woolley, and D.C. Darling. 1997.
Phylogenetic implications of the mesofurca in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera), with emphasis on Aphelinidae. Systematic Entomology 22: 44-65.
Huber, J.T. 1986.
Systematics, biology, and hosts of the Mymaridae and Mymarommatidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera): 1758-1984. Entomography 4: 185-243.
LaSalle, J. 1987.
New World Tanaostigmatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 23(1): 1-181.
LaSalle, J. 1993.
Parasitic Hymenoptera, biological control and biodiversity. Pages 197-215 in LaSalle, J. and I.D. Gauld (eds), Hymenoptera and biodiversity. CAB International, Wallingford. 348 pp.
LaSalle, J. 1998.
CD-ROM Review: Catalogue of the Chalcidoidea of the World. Chalcid Forum 21: 2-5.
LaSalle, J. and I.D. Gauld. 1992 (1991).
Parasitic Hymenoptera and the biodiversity crisis. Redia 74(appendix): 315-334.
LaSalle, J. and J.S. Noyes. 1985.
New family placement for the genus Cynipencyrtus (Hymenoptea: Chalcidoidea: Tanaostigmatidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society93: 1261-1264.
LaSalle, J., A. Polaszek, J.S. Noyes, and G. Zolnerowich. 1997.
A new whitefly parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae: Eunotinae), with comments on its placement, and implications for classification of Chalcidoidea with particular reference to the Eriaporinae. Systematic Entomology2: 131-150.
Medvedev, G.S. (editor-in-chief). 1978.
Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Volume III: Hymenoptera. Part II. Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Institute of Zoology, No. 120, Nauka, Leningrad, USSR. 758 pp. (in Russian). [English translation: Amerind, New Delhi, India. 1341 pp.]
Mockford, E.L. 1997.
A new species of Dicopomorpha (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with diminutive, apterous males. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 90: 115-120.
Narendran, T.C. 1989.
Oriental Chalcididae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Zoological Monograph, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India. 440 pp.
Narendran, T.C. 1994.
Torymidae and Eurytomidae of the Indian subcontinent (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Zoological Monograph, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India. 500 pp.
Narendran, T.C. 1999.
Indo-Australian Ormyridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Monograph, Department of Zoology, University of Calicut, Kerala, India. 227 pp.
Naumann, I.D. 1991.
Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). Pages 916-1000 in CSIRO (ed). The insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Vol. 2, pp. 543-1137. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Australia.
Nikolskaya, M.N. 1952.
The chalcid fauna of the USSR (Chalcidoidea). Keys to the fauna of the USSR. Zoological Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, No. 44, Moscow, USSR. 574 pp. (in Russian). [English translation: Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, Israel, 1963. 593 pp.]
Noyes, J.S. 1980.
A review of the genera of Neotropical Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 41: 107-253.
Noyes, J.S. 1982.
Collecting and preserving chalcid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea.) Journal of Natural History 16: 315-334.
Noyes, J.S. 1988.
Encyrtidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Fauna of New Zealand 13. 188 pp.
Noyes, J.S. 1990.
The number of described chalcidoid taxa in the world that are currently regarded as valid. Pages 9-10 in Chalcid Forum No. 13. 31 pp. Unpublished newsletter.
Noyes, J.S. 2000.
Encyrtidae of Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), 1. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 62: 354 pp.
Noyes, J.S. 2002.
Interactive Catalogue of World Chalcidoidea (2001 - 2nd edition). CD-ROM. Taxapad, Vancourver and the Natural History Museum, London.
Noyes, J.S. and M. Hayat. 1984.
A review of the genera of Indo-Pacific Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology) 48: 131-395.
Noyes, J.S. and E.W. Valentine. 1989a.
Mymaridae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) - introduction, and review of genera. Fauna of New Zealand 17. 95 pp.
Noyes, J.S. and E.W. Valentine. 1989b.
Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) - introduction, and review of genera in smaller families. Fauna of New Zealand 18. 91 pp.
Peck, O. 1963.
A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea. Canadian Entomologist, Supplement30: 1-1092.
Peck, O., Z. Boucek, and A. Hoffer. 1964.
Keys to the Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada No. 34. 125 pp.
Perrotminnot, M.J., L.R. Guo, and J.H. Werren. 1996.
Single and double infections with Wolbachia in the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis - effects on compatibility. Genetics143: 961-972.
Pinto, J.D. 1998.
Systematics of the North American species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 22. 287 pp.
Prinsloo, G.L. 1980.
An illustrated guide to the families of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Republic of South Africa, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries Science Bulletin No. 395. 66 pp.
Prinsloo, G.L. and D.P. Annecke. 1979.
A key to the genera of Encyrtidae from the Ethiopian region, with descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 42: 349-382.
Quicke, D.L.J., M.G. Fitton, J.R. Tunstead, S.N. Ingram, and P.V. Gaitens. 1994.
Ovipositor structure and relationships within the Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Ichneumonoidea. Journal of Natural History 28: 635-682.
Ramirez, B.W. 1970.
Host specificity of fig wasps (Agaonidae). Evolution 24: 680-691.
Ramirez, B.W. 1974.
Coevolution of Ficus and Agaonidae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61: 770-780.
Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1988.
An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (Order Vespida). Oriental Insects 22: 115-145.
Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1990.
Hymenopterous insects in Baltic amber with respect to the overall history of the order. Prace Muzeum Ziemi 41: 53-64.
Rasplus, J. Y., C. Kerdelhué, and G. Mondor. 1998.
Molecular phylogeny of fig waps (Hymenoptera). Agaonidae is not monophyletic. Compte Rendu de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris 321: 21-31.
Riek, E.F. 1970.
Hymenoptera. Pages 867-959 in The insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria, Australia. 1029 pp.
Ronquist, F., A.P. Rasnitsyn, A. Roy, K. Eriksson, and M. Lindgren. 1999.
Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a cladistic reanalysis of Rasnitsyn's (1988) data. Zoologica Scripta 28: 13-50.
Schlüter, T. 1978.
Zur Systematik und Palökologie harzkonser-Arthropoda einer Taphozönose aus dem Cenomanium von NW-Frankreich. Berliner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandlungen 9: 1-150.
Shafee, S.A. and S. Rizvi. 1990.
Classification and phylogeny of the family Aphelinidae (Hymenoptea: Chalcidoidea). Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology 7: 103-115.
Schauff, M.E. 1984.
The Holarctic genera of Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 12. 67 pp.
Stage, G.I. and R.R. Snelling. 1986.
The subfamilies of Eurytomidae and systematics of the subfamily Heimbrinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 375. 17 pp.
Stouthamer, R., J.D. Pinto, G.R. Platner, and R.F. Luck. 1990.
Taxonomic status of thelytokous forms of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America83: 475-481.
Subba Rao, B.R. and M. Hayat. 1983.
Key to genra of Oriental Mymaridae, with a preliminary catalog (Hymenoptera: Chalcidodea). Contributions of the American Entomological Institute20: 125-150.
Subba Rao, B.R. and M. Hayat (eds). 1985.
The Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of India and the adjacent countries. Part I: Reviews of families and keys to families and genera. Oriental Insects 19: 163-310 (+310A 0).
Subba Rao, B.R. and M. Hayat (eds). 1986.
The Chalcidoidea of India and the adjacent countries. Part II. A catalogue of Chalcidoidea of India and the adjacent countries. Oriental Insects20: 1-430.
Sugonjaev, E.S. 1971.
A new subfamily of chalcids, Mongolocampinae Sugonjaev, subfam. n. (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Tetracampidae) from Mongolia and Kazakhstan Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie 50: 664-775 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 50: 377-383.]
Sureshan, P.M. 2003.
Pteromalinae (Pteromalidae: Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) of Indian subcontinent. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper no. 205: 170 pp. + 3 pls.
Tachikawa, T. 1963.
Revisional studies on the Encyrtidae of Japan (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the Ehime University, Section VI (Agriculture) 9: 1-264.
Tachikawa, T. 1981.
Hosts of the Encyrtidae in the world (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Memoirs of the College of Agriculture, Eihme University 25: 85-110.
Torok, M. and Abraham, R. 2002.
Sampling ground or truly monophyletic? Cladistic analyses applied to the phylogeny of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Pages 54-72 in Melika, G. and Thuroczy, C. (eds). Parasitic Wasps - Evolution, Systematics, Biodiversity and Biological Control. International Symposium: "Parasitic Hymenoptera: Taxonomy and Biological Control" (14-17 May 2001, Koszeg, Hungary). Agroinform, Budapest. 480 pp.
Trjapitzin, V.A. 1973a.
Classification of parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea). Part I. Review of systems of classifications, the subfamily Tetracneminae Howard, 1892. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 52: 163-175 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 52: 118-125.]
Trjapitzin, V.A. 1973b.
Classification of parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea). Part II. The subfamily Encyrtinae Walker, 1837. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie52: 416-429 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review52: 287-295.]
Trjapitzin, V.A. and G. Gordh. 1978a.
Review of genera of Nearctic Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), Chalcidoidea). I. Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie 57: 364-385 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 57: 257-270.]
Trjapitzin, V.A. and G. Gordh. 1978b.
Review of genera of Nearctic Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera), Chalcidoidea). II. Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie 57: 636-653 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 57: 437-448.]
Viggiani, G. 1988.
A preliminary classification of the Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) based on external male genitalic characters. Bollettino del Laboratorio de Entomologia Agraria "Filippo Silvestri" di Portici 45: 141-148.
Viggiani, G. 2002.
History and classification of the Trichogrammatidae. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria 'Filippo Silvestri', Portici 57:41-53.
Wiebes, J.T. 1982.
The phylogeny of the Agaonidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Netherlands Journal of Zoology 32: 395-411.
Wijesekara, G.A.W. 1997.
Phylogeny of Chalcididae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) and its congruence with contemporary hierarchical classification. Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 29(3): 1-61.
Woolley, J.B. 1986.
Signiphoridae or Thysanidae? A review of a problem in family-level nomenclature (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America 32: 91-96.
Woolley, J.B. 1988.
Phylogeny and classification of the Signiphoridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Systematic Entomology 13: 465-501.
Woolley, J.B. 1997.
Chapter 5. Aphelinidae. Pages 134-150 in Gibson, G.A.P., J.T. Huber, and J.B. Woolley. Annotated keys to the genera of Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). National Research Council of Canada Research Press, Ottawa, Canada. 794 pp.
Yasnosh, V.A. 1976.
Classification of parasitic Hymenoptera of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 55: 159-168 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review 55: 114-120.]
Yasnosh, V.A. 1983.
A review of the aphelinid genera (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) of the world. I. A key to the genera. Entomologischeskoe Obozrenie 62: 157-171 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review62: 145-159.]
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1975.
Cretaceous chalcidoid fossils from Canadian amber. Canadian Entomologist107: 499-528.
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1984.
The families and subfamilies of Canadian chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). The Insects and Arachnids of Canada, Part 12. Agriculture Canada Publication 1760, Ottawa, Canada. 149 pp.
Yoshimoto, C.M. 1990.
A review of the genera of New World Mymaridae. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Flora and Fauna Handbook No. 7. Sandhill Crane, Gainesville, Florida. 166 pp.
Yousuf, M. and S.A. Shafee. 1986a.
Catalogue of genus-group names of world Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology 3: 13-27.
Yousuf, M. and S.A. Shafee. 1986b.
Checklist of species and bibliography of the world Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera). Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology 3: 29-82.
Yousuf, M. and S.A. Shafee. 1987.
Taxonomy of Indian Trichogrammatidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Indian Journal of Systematic Entomology 4: 55-200.
Zerova, M.D. 1988.
The main trends of evolution and the system of chalcids of the family Eurytomidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 67: 649-674 (in Russian). [English translation: Entomological Review (1989) 68: 102-128.]

This page last updated on 14-Oct-2009
CNC Web pages development:
Dr. J.H. Skevington and Dr. J.M. Cumming with the assistance of L. Bartels, R.B. Fairchild and M. Jomphe

Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes
Home | Role | History | CanaColl | Units | Index